1970's Bakalowits & Sohne 'Miracle' light. Austria

904dia x 1090H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
210W x 180D x 640H
 
240dia x 500H without shade
 
200dia x 430H without shade
 
 
180dia x 540H
 
 
120W x 120D x 265H
 
140W x 140D x 280H
 
265W x 180D x 295H
 
115W x 115D x 255H
 
210W x 90W x 210H
 
220W x 115D x 265H
 
210dia x 190H
 
270W x 105D x 360H
 
270W x 105D x 360H
 
140W x 140D x 270H
 
220W x 120D x 230H
 
175W x 100D x 255H
 
190W x 100D x 190H
 
180W x 130D x 270H
 
270W x 165D x 190H
 
445dia x 670H
 
Pair of large 1970's Maison Jensen/ brass and steel wall lights. France

510W x 230D x 960H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1950's of pressed iron fish lights. Spain

365W x 300D c 400H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1940's wrought iron wall lights. France. 3 pairs available.

330W x 125D x 330H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
Pair of 1960's gilded iron and glass block wall lights. Italy

300W x 150D x 560H each

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's brass Maison Charles conch light. France

345dia x 720H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's brass and alumimum ovoid sputnik hanging light. Italy

1100dia x 950H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
 
 
 
Pair of 1970's iron and brass astrolabe lamps. France


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1970's travertine and brass table lamps with original shades (staining). Italy. 2 pairs ava

455dia x 545H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1960's iron hanging light with faux vellum shades. Spain

860W x 550D x 620H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Large 1940's painted iron and glass chandelier. France

900dia x 1000H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of heavy 1920's brass orientalist lamps. France

200dia x 400H without shade

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's iron hanging light with faux vellum shades. Spain

900W x 550D x 1180H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's Kinkeldy hanging light. Glass and silver plated brass. Germany

640dia x 800H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's iron and leather hanging light. France.

880W x 490D x 970H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
2 of 2 Large 1940's verdigris copper and glass block wall lights. Italy.

530W x 120D x 795H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1 of 2 Large 1940's verdigris copper and glass block wall lights. Italy

530W x 125D x 790H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Monumental 1920's carved hardwood Versaille lantern. France. 6 available.


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's Esperia Pagoda clear glass and brass hanging light. Italy. Pair available.

690W x 510D x 850H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Large pair of 1960's brutalist iron wall lights. France

460W x 150D x 1100H each

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1970's travertine and brass table lamps with original shades (staining). Italy.

400dia x 430H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
18th century stone balustrades turned into lamps in the 1970's. France. 2 pairs available.

540W x 195D x 1000H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's matt black ceramic horse lamp with original oval shade,

560W x 240D x 780H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Large carved wood pineapple lamp with original shade.

Attributed Maison Jensen
460dia X 970H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's iron standard lamp. France

450W x 1510H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's Afra and Tobia Scarpa metamorphic standard lamp. Italy

230W x 1720W

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's iron standard lamp. Spain

480W x 1430H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's Afra and Tobia halogen butterfly lamps. Italy

245H x 250D x 1900H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1970's brass standard lamps. France

260W x 1480H frame
500SP tub card single seam shade

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's objet trouve astrolabe standard lamp

550W x 410D x 1450H frame plus
610 dia SP tub card single seam shade

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1940's arrow motif standard lamp

Wrought iron
1750h x 600w

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950s table lamp

glazed pottery
540h x 250w

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1940's black ceramic lamp

glazed ceramic base with linen shade
h 530 x w 440

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1960's icicle hanging light

silver plated brass and cut glass
H 800 x W 600

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
pair of 1960's copper lanterns

anodised aluminium and smoked glass
H 550 x W 300

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1950’s Copper Free-Standing Lanterns (French)

H 450 x W 280 x D 90

SOLD
 
1970’s Willy Daro Lamp

citrine and brass. original shade
H 600 x W 310 x D 220


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of Italian 1940's Tole Chandeliers.

pressed tole, brass and glass
H 1050 x W 750

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 19thc Naïve Carrousel Horses turned into Floorlamps in the 1960's

painted carved wood and brass
880W x 465D x 2200H


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950’s pottery lamp with heart motif

ceramic with original string shade
H 750 x W 450

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1970's Table Lamps

resin and original fabric shade
H 700 x W 500

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
 
1500W x 520D x 1350H
 
Pair of 1900's patinated bronze vases. China

275dia x 375H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
 
1970's Luciano Frigerio riven brass Bagdad bed. Italy.

Typical size for Emperor mattress
Frame 2030W x 2030D x 950H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's wrought iron set of fire tools. France

510W x 210D x 650H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's horsey cast iron fire back. France.

630W x 520H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Oversized 19th century iron fire dogs. France

285W x 640D x 815H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1970's painted faux marble obelisks. Italy.

130W x 130D x 530H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's wrought iron set of wall hung tools. England


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
pair of ancient wooden doors. France


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1930's wrought iron and brass fire dogs. France

185W x 630D x 800H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1940's plaster figure, france

235W x 200D x 570H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's riven oak easel by Guiseppe Rivadossi. Italy.

520W x 650D x 2320H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Intricate 1950's twisted iron radiator cover/console with later marble top. Spain.

1040W x 200D x 810H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's David Marshall cast aluminium and brass log basket. Spain.

580W x 580D x 400H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
late 19th century oak display easel. France

300W x 500D x ?H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1930's iron umbrella stand

550W x 150D x 625H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1930's sculpture plinth. France

310W x 310D x 1480H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
19th century figurative fire guard. Italy

1170W x 255D x 970H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's iron and stoneware sculpture. France

70W x 230D x 950H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's stainless steel Curtis Jere sculpture

680dia

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's oversized carved wood horse and rider. Africa

1200W x 270D x 1050H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Salvino Masura wall sculpture. Italy

190dia maximum

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
pair of 1970's resin urns. Spain

400dia x 370H (each)

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
large early 20th century scratch built chateau maquette. France

1100W x 725D x 750H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
17th century wrought iron fire guard. Italy

1030W x 360D x 1000H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Large 19th century pine artists easel. Britain

705W x 810D x XXX H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
massive early 20th century wooden double mortar. France

1100W x 490D x 400H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's Trianti metal collapsable sculpture stand. Britain

250W x 250D (top plate) x 1100H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
large 1970s ceramic horse head. Italy

503W x 230D x 730H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1930s painted concrete urns. France

340W x 560H each

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
pairs of early 19th century iron gate top urns. france

530W x 740H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950s fire screen. France

made from 19th century iron elements
920dia x 990H


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950s perforated play room divider. France

3390W x 1480H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
early 20th century plaster of Selene's horse. France

890W x 260D x 630H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
large 19thc lacquered screen

2450h x 3560w

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950s roger picault oversized tureen

glazed pottery
520l x280w x 210h

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970s lacquer box

shells etched in the lacquer
355l x 115w x 65h

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
pair of 1980s candlesticks

gilded brass
150h x 90w

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
rare fornasetti box

printed metal and teak
140h x 105w x 40d

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
early 20thc oversized andirons

forged iron
H 1290 x W 400 x D 820

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
bust signed E. Molineaux dated 1928

plaster

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Studio del Campo Enamel on Copper Wall Hanging Platter

signed del Campo 1957
H x 380 x W 590 x D 55


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
French Plaster Bust 1970’s

H 700 x W 300 x 400 D

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
early 20thc Maquette

plaster
H 1050 x W 650 x D 70


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
20thc benin bust

bronze
H 560 x W 200 x D 250


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's Abstract Sculpture

patinated bronze
H 640 x W 350 x D 180

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
1920's Egyptian revival sofa. Gilded and painted carved wood. Italy

2002W x 550D x 850H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair 1950's riven timber campaign stools with leather seats. France

510W x 315D x 370H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Early 19th century carved wood sofa. France

1740W x 600D x 950H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1980's Pierre Jenneret style teak chairs. 10 available. France

400W x 470D x 820H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1970's suede and carved wood campaign chairs. France

680W x 800D x 710H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair 1960's Don Shoemaker swinger chairs. Mexico

780W x 700D x 830H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair 1970's teak chairs. France

420W x 450D x 940H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
late 19th century oversized oak x-frame stool. Italy

820W x 550D x 600H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
large 19c sack barrow chaise longue

patinated iron
2200l x 1500h x 740w x 430h to seat

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
pair of early 20c chinese armchairs

lacquered and gilded carved wood
h 900 x w 680 x d 580

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1970's Leather Motorbike Jacket Armchairs

H 900 x W 1000 x D 1000

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of early 20thc Inlaid Mughal Savonarola Armchairs

mahogany and bone
H 1000 x W 740 x D 470

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
2050W x 850D x 405H
 
985dia x 455H
 
1960's Cloutiers Freres glazed lava coffee table with iron base. France

1035W x 525D x 370H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's gilded iron Maison Ramsay coffee table with inset marble. France

1020W x 1030D x 395H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's iron coffee table with replacement glass. Spain

1855W x 1200D x 470H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1970's Tecno rosewood veneered beside tables.Italy

600W x 345 x 517H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Herd of 1950's teak elephant side tables. Sold as pairs. France

370W x 275D x 385H each

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's campaign desk. E Murio. Philippines

1040W x 635D x 920H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's aluminium horsey centre table. France

1290dia x 760H


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
pair of 1980's iron side tables with travertine tops. Italy

650W x 650D x 552H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Square 1970's patinated brass coffee table with leater top by Ottley France

110W x 1100D x 410H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
large 18th century refectory table with fabric covered top. France

2420W x 880D x 720H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
Pair 1960's rustic side tables. France

960W x 270D x 330H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970;s verdigris iron coffee table with bronze copies of ancient Scythian deer. France

1020W x 775D x 505H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
19th century cast iron garden table with enamelled cast iron plateau. France

1200W x 590D x 730H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's plaster console. France

1200W x 430D x 900H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's X-framed console with riven stone top

1500W x 500D x 108H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1980's two-tier chrome trolley with glass shelf

600W x 600D x 570H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
19th century teak serving table. Spain

1580W x 660D x 830H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair of 1970's riven oak side tables by Giuseppe Rivadossi. Italy

695W x 690D x 442H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
heavy wrought iron side table with marble inset top attributed to Gilbert

710dia x 540H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970s rectangular occasional table signed. Belgium

1470W x 755D x 445H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1960's wrought iron and wood side table. France

960W x 665D x 500H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1960's wrought iron side table. Spain

800dia x 485H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
large 1970's pitch pine table. Spain

1830W x 835D x 380H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's oak topped wrought iron occasional table. Belgium

780dia x 510H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's riven walnut desk/table by Gioseppe Rivadossi. Italy

1785W x 810D x 745H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's Martin Viser wenge coffee table. Holland

1115dia X 350H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
pair of steel two tier 1970's side tables with sienna marble tops. Italy

900W x 500W x 480H (each)

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
1950S marble topped side table with faded gilt iron base. Spain.

650dia x 480H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's marble topped console with bamboo base. France

2200W x 395D x 940H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's glass topped table with dyed wood base. Italy

2090W x 1200 D x 750H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950s interlocking hardwood side table

760dia x 620H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
large 1970's travertine coffee table. France

1250W x 1250D x 335H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1980's marble topped side tables with iron bases. France

550W x 550D x 540H (each)

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
pair 1970s bamboo consoles with inset stone tops. France

1600W x 410D x 850H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1940's spun fibreglass coffee table. america

russell woodard
1100dia x 450H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's burr elm table. France

900W x 740D x 530H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's riven iron coffee table. France

800W x 800D x 400H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Heavy 1950's oak coffee table. France

1500W x 600D x 280H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950s hardwood side table. China

730W x 570D x 440H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Beaten up 19thc chinoiserie tilt top table

Paint and lacquer on wood
690h x 730w

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
19th century Console

Painted and gilded carved wood
1410w x 710d x 780h

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
large 1970s dining table

honey travertine with brass banding on the base
h 720 x l 2500 x w 1100 tapering to 800
This table has been restored.

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
pair of dining table bases

carved pine
H 740 X W 650 X D 280

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
EGYPTIAN STYLE MIRRORED CONSOLE (ITALIAN), 1920's

CARVED WOOD AND GESSO, GILDED AND PAINTED
H 3000 X W 1135 X D 560 MM

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
1545W x 120D x 1500H
 
Pair of large circa 1900 ebonised mirror frames with inset marble. To repair. Spain

1170W x 60D x 2350H each

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
large 1920's carved wood overmantel mirror. italy

1400W x 1850H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1920s gilt cushion mirror. spain

510H x 510W

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1960s weathered aluminium tyre mould mirror. France

780 dia

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
pair large contemporary bone and resin mirrors

1260 W x 1260 H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970s smoked glass sunburst mirror. italy

850 dia

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
early 19th century rams head mirror. england

1003 H x 1800 W

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
large red 19th century carved wood rococo mirror. france

1400 W x 1530 H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair 1950s circular mirrors

Blue/black steel circular mirrors with rope hanger. Italy
475 Diameter

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
19th century carved wood rococo mirror. Italy


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
18th century ripple mirror

590 W x 660 H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Pair Gilded Venetian Mirrors

Pair of silver gilded Venetian mirrors made with early 18th century carved elements. Italy.


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
19th Century French Mirror

750 W x 880 H + 260 Crest

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
18th painted mirror

Carved frame with original paint
680 W x 820 H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
early 18thc walnut cushion mirror

veneered walnut and carved giltwood
h 1070 x w 630

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's marble mirror

marble and gilt bronze studs
H 1m x W 1200


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
EARLY 20thc EGYPTIAN revival MIRRORED CONSOLE

CARVED WOOD AND GESSO, GILDED AND PAINTED
H 3000 X W 1135 X D 560

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
1220W x 1835H
 
 
 
 
1980's oil on canvas abstract by Sophie Phillipe. France

890W x 1170H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1980's oil on canvas abstract by Sophie Phillipe. France

740W x 1170H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950s painted wall hanging

Michel Timoleonthos
1650W x 1300H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Large 20th Century Painted Hanging of Elephant. India

size tbc

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
19th century straw marquetry. Italy

study of a Roman monument.
580W x 720H


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's abstract oil on board. France.


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
early 19th century naive landscape painting. italy

740W x 590H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
early 19th century landscape. italy

690W x 550H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970s painting of a young mystic. england

780W x 1040H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
 
18th century Italian portrait of a nobleperson

790W x 990H


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
18th century of boy with dog. france

470W x 600H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
early 19th century chatelaine. france

530W x 630H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
after giuseppe sebasti
670W x 830H
 
1970's surreal trompe l'oeil

oil on canvas
920h x 730w

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
late 17thc early 18thc madonna and child

oil on canvas
620h x 450w

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
portrait of a young woman by j. bernard dated 1922

oil on canvas in original oak frame
H 1030 x W 630

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
corneille lithograph. netherlands

signed and dated
720h x 820w

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
monumental 19thc painting of dubious character

oil on canvas in original gilded frame (damage)

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's freize by viola vana

concrete and pottery
H 770 x W 670

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1960's angel and bull wall hanging

cut metal
h 900 x w 900

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Large tapestry dated 1967

wool
H 1120 x W 2270

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
victorian girl with attitude

oil on canvas in original gilded frame
H 880 X W 780

SOLD
 
19thC Camp Colonel

Oil on canvas in original gilded frame
H 720 x W 625 x 60


TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
 
1200W x 400D x 2762H
 
1970's stained wood pegged bookshelf. France

1510W x 270D x 1970H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's pitch pine pegged bookshelf. France

1320W x 260D x 2070H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's solid olivewood sideboard. France

2080W x 500D x 960H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's pitch pine bookshelf. Italy.

1400W x 260D x 1855H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's solid teak console table. France

1710W x 390D x 850H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1950's rattan and bamboo drinks trolley. France

920W x 635D x 610H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Early 18th century attic fresh coffer. France

1290W x 600D x 815H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
Collapsable early 20th century painted wooden display stand. France

2570W x 1100d x 1290 H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1970's black lacquer sideboard with brass strapping. France

1215W x 510D x 980H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 
1930s italian chest of drawers

gesso on pine
1300W x 500D x 865H

TEARSHEET
ENQUIRE
 

Stephen Sprake
22 Church Street, London NW8 8EP

Edward Bridges
May 18th - June 14th

 
 
 
 
STEPHEN HAS BEEN SOURCING, RESTORING AND DEALING IN ANTIQUES SINCE 1995.
View More

 
Captains House showcases the Sans Pretention portfolio in a large Naval house within the Historic Dockyard, Chatham.
View More

 
SANS PRETENTION HOLDS STAND A1 OF THE DECORATIVE ARTS FAIR, BATTERSEA

 
 
 
Separating the wheat from the chaff since 1993